L. Pejchar and H. A. Mooney, Invasive species, ecosystem services and human well-being, Trends Ecol. Evol, vol.24, pp.497-504, 2009.

M. Vilà, J. L. Espinar, M. Hejda, P. E. Hulme, V. Jaro?ík et al., Ecological impacts of invasive alien plants: A meta-analysis of their effects on species, communities and ecosystems, Ecol. Lett, vol.14, pp.702-708, 2011.

M. R. Helmus, D. L. Mahler, and J. B. Losos, Island biogeography of the Anthropocene, Nature, vol.513, pp.543-546, 2014.

J. K. Reaser, L. A. Meyerson, Q. Cronk, M. De, L. G. Poorter et al., Ecological and socioeconomic impacts of invasive alien species in island ecosystems, Environ. Conserv, vol.34, pp.98-111, 2007.

R. Shine, The ecological impact of invasive cane toads (Bufo marinus) in Australia, Q. Rev. Biol, vol.85, pp.253-291, 2010.

S. Aikio, R. P. Duncan, and P. E. Hulme, Lag-phases in alien plant invasions: Separating the facts from the artefacts, Oikos, vol.119, pp.370-378, 2010.

F. Essl, S. Dullinger, W. Rabitsch, P. E. Hulme, K. Hülber et al., Socioeconomic legacy yields an invasion debt, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A, vol.108, pp.203-207, 2011.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02650956

D. L. Strayer, Eight questions about invasions and ecosystem functioning, Ecol. Lett, vol.15, pp.1199-1210, 2012.

D. L. Strayer, V. T. Evinver, J. M. Jeschke, and M. L. Pace, Understanding the long-term effects of species invasions, Trends Ecol. Evol, vol.21, pp.645-651, 2006.

R. Delibes and M. Delibes-mateos, Linking historical ecology and invasion biology: Some lessons from European rabbit introductions into the new world before the nineteenth century, Biol. Invasions, vol.17, pp.2505-2515, 2015.

, The European Rabbit, The History and Biology of a Successful Colonizer, 1994.

J. Chapuis, Y. Frenot, and M. Lebouvier, Recovery of native plant communities after eradication of rabbits from the subantarctic Kerguelen Islands, and influence of climate change, Biol. Conserv, vol.117, pp.167-179, 2004.

J. Pansu, R. C. Winkworth, F. Hennion, L. Gielly, P. Taberlet et al., Long-lasting modification of soil fungal diversity associated with the introduction of rabbits to a remote sub-Antarctic archipelago, Biol. Lett, vol.11, p.20150408, 2015.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01235755

P. Sabatier, J. Poulenard, B. Fanget, J. Reyss, A. Develle et al., Long-term relationships among pesticide applications, mobility, and soil erosion in a vineyard watershed, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A, vol.111, pp.15647-15652, 2014.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01100817

C. Giguet-covex, J. Pansu, F. Arnaud, P. Rey, C. Griggo et al., Long livestock farming history and human landscape shaping revealed by lake sediment DNA, Nat. Commun, vol.5, p.3211, 2014.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/halsde-00944038

J. Pansu, C. Giguet-covex, G. F. Ficetola, L. Gielly, F. Boyer et al., Reconstructing long-term human impacts on plant communities: An ecological approach based on lake sediment DNA, Mol. Ecol, vol.24, pp.1485-1498, 2015.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01878599

L. Parducci, K. D. Bennett, G. F. Ficetola, I. G. Alsos, Y. Suyama et al., Ancient plant DNA in lake sediments, New Phytol, vol.214, pp.924-942, 2017.

E. Golberg, Geochronology with 210 Pb, pp.121-131, 1963.

S. Krishnaswamy, D. Lal, J. M. Martin, and M. Meybeck, Geochronology of lake sediments, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett, vol.11, pp.407-414, 1971.

I. J. Graham, R. G. Ditchburn, and B. J. Barry, 210 Pb-137 Cs dating of glacial lake sediments, New Zealand Sci. Rev, vol.61, pp.45-47, 2004.

J. Pfitzner, G. Brunskill, and I. Zagorskis, 137 Cs and excess 210 Pb deposition patterns in estuarine and marine sediment in the central region of the Great Barrier Reef Lagoon, north-eastern Australia, J. Environ. Radioact, vol.76, pp.81-102, 2004.

F. Arnaud, O. Magand, E. Chapron, S. Bertrand, X. Boës et al., Radionuclide dating ( 210 Pb, 137 Cs, 241 Am) of recent lake sediments in a highly active geodynamic setting (lakes Puyehue and Icalma-Chilean Lake District), Sci. Total Environ, vol.366, pp.837-850, 2006.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/insu-00375214

M. Blaauw, Methods and code for 'classical' age-modelling of radiocarbon sequences, Quat. Geochronol, vol.5, pp.512-518, 2010.

D. Etienne, B. Wilhelm, P. Sabatier, J. Reyss, and F. Arnaud, Influence of sample location and livestock numbers on Sporormiella concentrations and accumulation rates in surface sediments of Lake Allos, French Alps, J. Paleolimnol, vol.49, pp.117-127, 2013.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/halsde-00929699

A. G. Baker, P. Cornelissen, S. A. Bhagwat, F. W. Vera, and K. J. Willis, Quantification of population sizes of large herbivores and their long-term functional role in ecosystems using dung fungal spores, Methods Ecol. Evol, vol.7, pp.1273-1281, 2016.

E. Doyen and D. Etienne, Ecological and human land-use indicator value of fungal spore morphotypes and assemblages, Veg. Hist. Archaeobot, vol.26, pp.357-367, 2017.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02622058

J. L. Gill, K. K. Mclauchlan, A. M. Skibbe, S. Goring, C. R. Zirbel et al., Linking abundances of the dung fungus Sporormiella to the density of bison: Implications for assessing grazing by megaherbivores in palaeorecords, J. Ecol, vol.101, pp.1125-1136, 2013.

J. J. Lahoz-monfort, G. Guillera-arroita, and R. Tingley, Statistical approaches to account for false positive errors in environmental DNA samples, Mol. Ecol. Resour, vol.16, pp.673-685, 2016.

M. Bajard, P. Sabatier, F. David, A. Develle, J. Reyss et al., Evidence of montane landscape dynamics throughout the Holocene. Holocene, vol.26, pp.350-364, 2016.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01758971

L. Lésel, Contribution à l'étude écologique de quelques mammifères importés aux îles Kerguelen. Terres Australes et Antarctiques Françaises, vol.38, pp.3-40, 1967.

A. De-la-rue, Observations sur les caractères et la répartition de la végétation des lies, Kerguelen. CNFRA, vol.1, pp.1-60, 1964.

J. L. Chapuis, P. Boussès, and G. Barnaud, Alien mammals, impact and management in the French subantarctic islands, Biol. Conserv, vol.67, pp.97-104, 1994.

G. F. Ficetola, J. Pansu, A. Bonin, E. Coissac, C. Giguet-covex et al., Replication levels, false presences, and the estimation of the presence/absence from eDNA metabarcoding data, Mol. Ecol. Resour, vol.15, pp.543-556, 2015.

S. Boessenkool, G. Mcglynn, L. S. Epp, D. Taylor, M. Pimentel et al., Use of ancient sedimentary DNA as a novel conservation tool for high-altitude tropical biodiversity, Conserv. Biol, vol.28, pp.446-455, 2014.

D. J. Levy-booth, R. G. Campbell, R. H. Gulden, M. M. Hart, J. R. Powell et al., Cycling of extracellular DNA in the soil environment, Soil Biol. Biochem, vol.39, pp.2977-2991, 2007.

Y. Frenot, J. C. Gloaguen, L. Massé, and M. Lebouvier, Human activities, ecosystem disturbance and plant invasions in subantarctic Crozet, Kerguelen and Amsterdam Islands, Biol. Conserv, vol.101, pp.33-50, 2001.

M. R. Clark and P. R. Dingwall, Conservation of Islands in The Southern Ocean: A Review of the Protected Areas of Insulantarctica (International Union for Conservation of, Nature, p.188, 1985.

E. A. Hugo, M. A. Mcgeoch, D. J. Marshall, and S. L. Chown, Fine scale variation in microarthropod communities inhabiting the keystone species Azorella selago on Marion Island, Polar Biol, vol.27, pp.466-473, 2004.

M. E. Cerfonteyn, P. C. Le-roux, B. J. Van-vuuren, and C. Born, Cryptic spatial aggregation of the cushion plant Azorella selago (Apiaceae) revealed by a multilocus molecular approach suggests frequent intraspecific facilitation under sub-Antarctic conditions, Am. J. Bot, vol.98, pp.909-914, 2011.

H. P. Jones, N. D. Holmes, S. H. Butchart, B. R. Tershy, P. J. Kappes et al., Invasive mammal eradication on islands results in substantial conservation gains, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A, vol.113, pp.4033-4038, 2016.

B. Wilhelm, P. Sabatier, and F. Arnaud, Is a regional flood signal reproducible from lake sediments?, Sedimentology, vol.62, pp.1103-1117, 2015.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01878808

O. Heiri, A. F. Lotter, and G. Lemcke, Loss on ignition as a method for estimating organic and carbonate content in sediments: Reproducibility and comparability of results, J. Paleolimnol, vol.25, pp.101-110, 2001.

J. Reyss, S. Schmidt, F. Legeleux, and P. Bonté, Large low background well-type detectors for measurements of environmental radioactivity, Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. A, vol.357, pp.391-397, 1995.

F. G. Mccormac, A. G. Hogg, P. G. Blackwell, C. E. Buck, T. F. Higham et al., SHCal04 southern hemisphere calibration, 0-11.0 cal kyr BP, Radiocarbon, vol.46, pp.1087-1092, 2004.

P. Taberlet, S. M. Prud'homme, E. Campione, J. Roy, C. Miquel et al., Soil sampling and isolation of extracellular DNA from large amount of starting material suitable for metabarcoding studies, Mol. Ecol, vol.21, pp.1816-1820, 2012.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01686266

P. Taberlet, E. Coissac, F. Pompanon, L. Gielly, C. Miquel et al., Power and limitations of the chloroplast trn L (UAA) intron for plant DNA barcoding, Nucleic Acids Res, vol.35, p.14, 2007.

F. Boyer, C. Mercier, A. Bonin, Y. L. Bras, P. Taberlet et al., OBITOOLS: A UNIX-inspired software package for DNA metabarcoding, Mol. Ecol. Resour, vol.16, pp.176-182, 2016.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01183582

P. Sjögren, M. E. Edwards, L. Gielly, C. T. Langdon, I. W. Croudace et al., Lake sedimentary DNA accurately records 20 th century introductions of exotic conifers in Scotland, New Phytol, vol.213, pp.929-941, 2017.

S. Champlot, C. Berthelot, M. Pruvost, E. A. Bennett, T. Grange et al., An efficient multistrategy DNA decontamination procedure of PCR reagents for hypersensitive PCR applications, PLOS ONE, vol.5, p.13042, 2010.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00526229

M. D. Barba, C. Miquel, F. Boyer, C. Mercier, D. Rioux et al., DNA metabarcoding multiplexing and validation of data accuracy for diet assessment: Application to omnivorous diet, Mol. Ecol. Resour, vol.14, pp.306-323, 2014.

E. M. Furlan, D. Gleeson, C. M. Hardy, and R. P. Duncan, A framework for estimating the sensitivity of eDNA surveys, Mol. Ecol. Resour, vol.16, pp.641-654, 2016.

K. Faegri and J. Iversen, Textbook of Pollen Analysis, 1989.

C. J. Barrow, Palynological studies in South Georgia: 1. Pollen and spore morphology of the native vascular species, Brit. Antarct. Surv. Bull, vol.43, pp.63-75, 1976.

N. Bellair, Sédimentologie et palynologie d'une tourbière des Kerguelen (Diplôme d'études supérieures en sciences naturelles, 1967.

D. Etienne and I. Jouffroy-bapicot, Optimal counting limit for fungal spore abundance estimation using Sporormiella as a case study, Veg. Hist. Archaeobot, vol.23, pp.743-749, 2014.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02636984

N. Van-der-putten, C. Verbruggen, S. Björck, J. Beaulieu, C. J. Barrow et al., Is palynology a credible climate proxy in the Subantarctic?, Holocene, vol.22, pp.1113-1121, 2012.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00755554

P. Legendre and O. Gauthier, Statistical methods for temporal and space-time analysis of community composition data, Proc. Biol. Sci, vol.281, p.20132728, 2014.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00948693

P. Legendre and L. Legendre, Numerical Ecology, p.1006, 2012.

A. Zeileis, C. Kleiber, W. Krämer, and K. Hornik, Testing and dating of structural changes in practice, Comput. Stat. Data Anal, vol.44, pp.109-123, 2003.

E. Nickl, C. J. Willmott, K. Matsuura, and S. M. Robeson, Changes in annual land-surface precipitation over the twentieth and early twenty-first century, Ann. Assoc. Am. Geogr, vol.100, pp.729-739, 2010.

G. F. , J. P. , P. S. , P. T. , F. A. et al., UDel_AirT_Precip data were provided by the NOAA/OAR/ESRL PSD (Boulder, CO) from their web site at www.esrl.noaa.gov/psd/. We are grateful to IPEV, the French Polar Institute, for providing necessary logistical and financial support for field expedition (programme 1094-PALAS), Acknowledgments: We thank the Laboratoire Souterrain de Modane facilities for the gamma spectrometry measurements and the Environnement Dynamique et Territoires de Montagne for the x-ray fluorescence analyses. Two reviewers provided useful comments on an early version of the manuscript

G. F. Ficetola, J. Poulenard, P. Sabatier, E. Messager, L. Gielly et al., DNA from lake sediments reveals long-term ecosystem changes after a biological invasion, Sci. Adv, vol.4, p.4292, 2018.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01878587

J. Etienne, E. Bakke, B. Malet, E. Fanget, J. Støren et al., Anouk Leloup, issue.5, p.4292

, Sci Adv REFERENCES