R. C. Sabry, P. M. Da-silva, T. C. Gesteira, V. D. Pontinha, and A. R. Magalhaes, Pathological study of oysters Crassostrea gigas from culture and C. rhizophorae from natural stock of Santa Catarina Island, SC, Brazil, Aquaculture, vol.320, issue.1-2, pp.43-50, 2011.
DOI : 10.1016/j.aquaculture.2011.08.006

C. A. Burge, L. R. Judah, L. L. Conquest, F. J. Griffin, D. P. Cheney et al., SUMMER SEED MORTALITY OF THE PACIFIC OYSTER, CRASSOSTREA GIGAS THUNBERG GROWN IN TOMALES BAY, CALIFORNIA, USA: THE INFLUENCE OF OYSTER STOCK, PLANTING TIME, PATHOGENS, AND ENVIRONMENTAL STRESSORS, Journal of Shellfish Research, vol.26, issue.1, pp.163-172, 2007.
DOI : 10.2983/0730-8000(2007)26[163:SSMOTP]2.0.CO;2

J. L. Nicolas, D. Ansquer, and J. C. Cochard, Isolation and characterization of a pathogenic bacterium specific to Manila clam Tapes philippinarum larvae, Diseases of Aquatic Organisms, vol.14, pp.153-159, 1992.
DOI : 10.3354/dao014153

C. Jenkins, P. Hick, M. Gabor, Z. Spiers, S. A. Fell et al., Identification and characterisation of an ostreid herpesvirus-1 microvariant (OsHV-1 ??-var) in Crassostrea gigas (Pacific oysters) in Australia, juvenile oyster mortality associated with ostreid herpesvirus 1?An opportunistic longitudinal study, pp.109-126, 2013.
DOI : 10.3354/dao02623

S. Domeneghetti, L. Varotto, M. Civettini, U. Rosani, M. Stauder et al., Mortality occurrence and pathogen detection in Crassostrea gigas and Mytilus galloprovincialis close-growing in shallow waters (Goro lagoon, Italy). Fish Shellfish Immun, pp.37-44, 2014.

P. Soletchnik, O. Le-moine, N. Faury, D. Razet, P. Geairon et al., Mortalit?? de l'hu??tre dans le bassin de Marennes-Ol??ron: ??tude de la variabilit?? spatiale de son environnement et de sa biologie par un syst??me d'informations g??ographiques (SIG), Aquatic Living Resources, vol.12, issue.2, pp.131-143, 1999.
DOI : 10.1016/S0990-7440(99)80022-9

C. Berthelin, K. Kellner, and M. Mathieu, Storage metabolism in the Pacific oyster (Crassostrea gigas) in relation to summer mortalities and reproductive cycle (West Coast of France), Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part B: Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, vol.125, issue.3, pp.359-369, 2000.
DOI : 10.1016/S0305-0491(99)00187-X

M. Garnier, Y. Labreuche, C. Garcia, M. Robert, and J. L. Nicolas, Evidence for the Involvement of Pathogenic Bacteria in Summer Mortalities of the Pacific Oyster Crassostrea gigas, Microbial Ecology, vol.61, issue.1, pp.187-196, 2007.
DOI : 10.1007/s00248-006-9061-9

M. Gay, T. Renault, A. M. Pons, and F. Le-roux, Two Vibrio splendidus related strains collaborate to kill Crassostrea gigas: taxonomy and host alterations, Diseases of Aquatic Organisms, vol.62, pp.65-74, 2004.
DOI : 10.3354/dao062065

A. Lacoste, F. Jalabert, S. Malham, A. Cueff, F. Gelebart et al., A Vibrio splendidus strain is associated with summer mortality of juvenile oysters Crassostrea gigas in the Bay of Morlaix (North Brittany, France), Diseases of Aquatic Organisms, vol.46, pp.139-145, 2001.
DOI : 10.3354/dao046139

L. Roux, F. Binesse, J. Saulnier, D. Mazel, and D. , Construction of a Vibrio splendidus Mutant Lacking the Metalloprotease Gene vsm by Use of a Novel Counterselectable Suicide Vector, Applied and Environmental Microbiology, vol.73, issue.3, pp.777-784, 2007.
DOI : 10.1128/AEM.02147-06

A. Lemire, D. Goudenege, T. Versigny, B. Petton, A. Calteau et al., Populations, not clones, are the unit of vibrio pathogenesis in naturally infected oysters, The ISME Journal, vol.18, issue.7, pp.1523-1531
DOI : 10.1038/ismej.2014.233

M. Duperthuy, J. Binesse, F. Le-roux, B. Romestand, A. Caro et al., The major outer membrane protein OmpU of Vibrio splendidus contributes to host antimicrobial peptide resistance and is required for virulence in the oyster Crassostrea gigas, Environmental Microbiology, vol.149, issue.4, pp.951-963, 2010.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1462-2920.2009.02138.x

M. Duperthuy, P. Schmitt, E. Garzon, A. Caro, R. D. Rosa et al., Use of OmpU porins for attachment and invasion of Crassostrea gigas immune cells by the oyster pathogen Vibrio splendidus, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2011, pp.2993-2998
DOI : 10.1073/pnas.1015326108

A. S. Vanhove, M. Duperthuy, G. M. Charriere, F. Le-roux, D. Goudenege et al., virulence factors to oyster immune cells, Environmental Microbiology, vol.98, issue.4, pp.1152-1165, 2015.
DOI : 10.1111/1462-2920.12535

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/halsde-01054322

A. Segarra, J. F. Pepin, I. Arzul, B. Morga, N. Faury et al., Detection and description of a particular Ostreid herpesvirus 1 genotype associated with massive mortality outbreaks of Pacific oysters, Crassostrea gigas, in France in 2008, Virus Research, vol.153, issue.1, pp.92-99, 2008.
DOI : 10.1016/j.virusres.2010.07.011

C. Martenot, E. Oden, E. Travaille, J. P. Malas, and M. Houssin, Detection of different variants of Ostreid Herpesvirus 1 in the Pacific oyster, Crassostrea gigas between 2008 and 2010, Virus Research, vol.160, issue.1-2, pp.25-31, 2008.
DOI : 10.1016/j.virusres.2011.04.012

C. Garcia, A. Thebault, L. Degremont, I. Arzul, L. Miossec et al., Ostreid herpes virus1 detection and relationship with Crassostrea gigas spat mortality in France between, Vet. Res, vol.42, pp.416-417, 1998.

J. Samain, to summer mortality, Aquatic Living Resources, vol.24, issue.3, pp.227-236, 2011.
DOI : 10.1051/alr/2011144

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00104490

A. Jolivel and F. Elodie, Statistical Analysisof Oystermortalitydata Acquired by the National Observatory shellfish Available online: http://archimer.ifremer.fr, 2015.

F. Pernet, J. Barret, P. Le-gall, C. Corporeau, L. Degremont et al., Mass mortalities of Pacific oysters Crassostrea gigas reflect infectious diseases and vary with farming practices in the Mediterranean Thau lagoon, France, Aquaculture Environment Interactions, vol.2, issue.3, pp.215-237, 2012.
DOI : 10.3354/aei00041

F. Pernet, F. Lagarde, N. Jeannee, G. Daigle, J. Barret et al., Spatial and Temporal Dynamics of Mass Mortalities in Oysters Is Influenced by Energetic Reserves and Food Quality, PLoS ONE, vol.218, issue.417, 2014.
DOI : 10.1371/journal.pone.0088469.s004

D. M. Anderson, T. J. Alpermann, A. D. Cembella, Y. Collos, E. Masseret et al., The globally distributed genus Alexandrium: Multifaceted roles in marine ecosystems and impacts on human health, Harmful Algae, vol.14, pp.10-35, 2012.
DOI : 10.1016/j.hal.2011.10.012

C. A. Scholin, M. Herzog, M. Sogin, and D. M. Anderson, IDENTIFICATION OF GROUP- AND STRAIN-SPECIFIC GENETIC MARKERS FOR GLOBALLY DISTRIBUTED ALEXANDRIUM (DINOPHYCEAE). I. RFLP ANALYSIS OF SSU rRNA GENES1, Journal of Phycology, vol.30, issue.4, pp.744-754, 1994.
DOI : 10.1111/j.0022-3646.1994.00744.x

J. L. Córdova and I. Müller, Use of PCR and partial sequencing of the large-subunit rRNA gene to identify Alexandrium catenella (Dinophyceae) from the South of Chile, Harmful Algae, vol.1, issue.4, pp.343-350, 2002.
DOI : 10.1016/S1568-9883(02)00066-5

L. Mackenzie, M. De-salas, J. Adamson, and V. Beuzenberg, The dinoflagellate genus Alexandrium (Halim) in New Zealand coastal waters: comparative morphology, toxicity and molecular genetics, Harmful Algae, vol.3, issue.1, pp.71-92, 2004.
DOI : 10.1016/j.hal.2003.09.001

M. Adachi, Y. Sako, and Y. Ishida, ANALYSIS OF ALEXANDRIUM (DINOPHYCEAE) SPECIES USING SEQUENCES OF THE 5.8S RIBOSOMAL DNA AND INTERNAL TRANSCRIBED SPACER REGIONS1, Journal of Phycology, vol.32, issue.3, pp.424-432, 1996.
DOI : 10.1111/j.0022-3646.1996.00424.x

P. K. Yeung, F. T. Wong, and J. T. Wong, Large subunit rDNA sequences from Alexandrium catenevilalla strains isolated during algal blooms in Hong Kong, Journal of Applied Phycology, vol.14, issue.2, pp.147-150, 2002.
DOI : 10.1023/A:1019552100625

M. Vila, E. Garces, M. Maso, and J. Camp, Is the distribution of the toxic dinoflagellate Alexandrium catenella expanding along the NW Mediterranean coast?, Marine Ecology Progress Series, vol.222, pp.497-514, 2001.
DOI : 10.3354/meps222073

A. Penna, E. Garcés, M. Vila, M. G. Giacobbe, S. Fraga et al., Alexandrium catenella (Dinophyceae), a toxic ribotype expanding in the NW Mediterranean Sea, Marine Biology, vol.92, issue.1, pp.13-23, 2005.
DOI : 10.1007/s00227-005-0067-5

E. Garces, M. Maso, and J. A. Camp, A recurrent and localized dinoflagellate bloom in a Mediterranean beach, Journal of Plankton Research, vol.21, issue.12, pp.2373-2391, 1999.
DOI : 10.1093/plankt/21.12.2373

I. Bravo, M. Vila, M. Maso, and R. I. Figueroa, Alexandrium catenella and Alexandrium minutum blooms in the Mediterranean Sea: Toward the identification of ecological niches, Harmful Algae, vol.7, issue.4, pp.515-522, 2008.
DOI : 10.1016/j.hal.2007.11.005

E. Abadie, Z. Amzil, C. Belin, M. A. Comps, P. Elzière-papayanni et al., Contamination de l'étang de Thau par Alexandrium tamarense, Available, vol.online, 1999.

E. L. Lilly, D. M. Kulis, P. Gentien, and D. M. Anderson, Paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in France linked to a human-introduced strain of Alexandrium catenella from the western Pacific: evidence from DNAand toxin analysis, Journal of Plankton Research, vol.24, issue.5, pp.443-452, 2002.
DOI : 10.1093/plankt/24.5.443

B. Lasserre, Y. Collos, and P. Berrebi, Assessment of cryptic species diversity within blooms and cyst bank of the Alexandrium tamarense complex (Dinophyceae) in a Mediterranean lagoon facilitated by semi-multiplex PCR, J. Plankton Res, vol.33, pp.405-414, 2011.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00632294

M. Laabir, C. Jauzein, B. Genovesi, E. Masseret, D. Grzebyk et al., Influence of temperature, salinity and irradiance on the growth and cell yield of the harmful red tide dinoflagellate Alexandrium catenella colonizing Mediterranean waters, Journal of Plankton Research, vol.33, issue.10, pp.1550-1563, 2011.
DOI : 10.1093/plankt/fbr050

P. Masselin, Z. Amzil, E. Abadie, E. Nézan, C. Le-bec et al., Paralytic shellfish poisoning on the French Mediterranean coast in the autumn 1998: Alexandrium tamarense complex (Dinophyceae) as causative agent, Harmful Algae Blooms, pp.407-441, 2000.

B. M. Twarog, T. Hidaka, and H. Yamaguchi, Resistance to tetrodotoxin and saxitoxin in nerves of bivalve molluscs, Toxicon, vol.10, issue.3, pp.273-278, 1972.
DOI : 10.1016/0041-0101(72)90012-8

S. E. Shumway and T. L. Cucci, The effects of the toxic dinoflagellate Protogonyaulax tamarensis on the feeding and behaviour of bivalve molluscs, Aquatic Toxicology, vol.10, issue.1, pp.9-27, 1987.
DOI : 10.1016/0166-445X(87)90024-5

S. E. Shumway, A Review of the Effects of Algal Blooms on Shellfish and Aquaculture, Journal of the World Aquaculture Society, vol.44, issue.4, pp.65-104, 1990.
DOI : 10.1016/S0040-4020(01)96469-5

V. M. Bricelj, L. Connell, K. Konoki, S. P. Macquarrie, T. Scheuer et al., Sodium channel mutation leading to saxitoxin resistance in clams increases risk of PSP, Nature, vol.74, issue.7034, pp.763-767, 2005.
DOI : 10.1073/pnas.95.23.13947

M. Bardouil, M. Bohec, M. Cormerais, S. Bougrier, and P. Lassus, Experimental study of the effects of a toxic microalgal diet on feeding of the oyster Crassostrea gigas Thunberg, J. Shellfish Res, vol.1, pp.417-422, 1993.

D. Wildish, P. Lassus, J. Martin, A. Saulnier, and M. Bardouil, Effect of the PSP-causing dinoflagellate, Alexandrium sp. on the initial feeding response of Crassostrea gigas, Aquatic Living Resources, vol.11, issue.1, pp.35-43, 1998.
DOI : 10.1016/S0990-7440(99)80029-1

J. L. Rolland, K. Pelletier, E. Masseret, F. Rieuvilleneuve, V. Savar et al., Paralytic Toxins Accumulation and Tissue Expression of ??-Amylase and Lipase Genes in the Pacific Oyster Crassostrea gigas Fed with the Neurotoxic Dinoflagellate Alexandrium catenella, Marine Drugs, vol.10, issue.12, pp.2519-2534, 2012.
DOI : 10.3390/md10112519

W. Medhioub, P. Lassus, P. Truquet, M. Bardouil, Z. Amzil et al., Physiological responses of Crassostrea gigas when exposed to the toxic dinoflagellates Alexandrium ostenfeldii: Toxin uptake and detoxification, Aquaculture, vol.358, pp.108-115, 2012.

H. Hegaret, G. H. Wikfors, P. Soudant, C. Lambert, S. E. Shumway et al., Toxic dinoflagellates (Alexandrium fundyense and A. catenella) have minimal apparent effects on oyster hemocytes, Marine Biology, vol.230, issue.2, pp.441-447, 2007.
DOI : 10.1007/s00227-007-0703-3

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00669861

H. Hegaret, P. M. Da-silva, G. H. Wikfors, H. Haberkorn, S. E. Shumway et al., In vitro interactions between several species of harmful algae and haemocytes of bivalve molluscs, Cell Biology and Toxicology, vol.188, issue.4, pp.249-266, 2011.
DOI : 10.1007/s10565-011-9186-6

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00635820

D. F. Mello, P. M. Da-silva, M. A. Barracco, P. Soudant, and H. Hegaret, Effects of the dinoflagellate Alexandrium minutum and its toxin (saxitoxin) on the functional activity and gene expression of Crassostrea gigas hemocytes, Harmful Algae, vol.26, pp.45-51, 2013.
DOI : 10.1016/j.hal.2013.03.003

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00844065

J. L. Rolland, Exposure to the Neurotoxic Dinoflagellate Alexandrium catenella induces apoptosis of the oyster Crassostrea gigas hemocytes, Mar. Drugs, vol.11, pp.4799-4814, 2013.

M. Lassudrie, P. Soudant, J. L. Nicolas, C. Fabioux, C. Lambert et al., Interaction between toxic dinoflagellate Alexandrium catenella exposure and disease associated with herpesvirus OsHV-1??Var in Pacific oyster spat Crassostrea gigas, Harmful Algae, vol.45, pp.53-61, 2015.
DOI : 10.1016/j.hal.2015.04.007

E. Bachere, R. D. Rosa, P. Schmitt, A. C. Poirier, N. Merou et al., The new insights into the oyster antimicrobial defense: Cellular, molecular and genetic view, Fish & Shellfish Immunology, vol.46, issue.1, pp.50-64, 2015.
DOI : 10.1016/j.fsi.2015.02.040

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01162911

L. Zhang, L. Li, X. Guo, G. W. Litman, L. J. Dishaw et al., Massive expansion and functional divergence of innate immune genes in a protostome, Scientific Reports, vol.493
DOI : 10.1038/srep08693

G. O. Fistarol, C. Legrand, E. Selander, C. Hummert, W. Stolte et al., Allelopathy in Alexandrium spp.: effect on a natural plankton community and on algal monocultures, Aquatic Microbial Ecology, vol.35, pp.45-56, 2004.
DOI : 10.3354/ame035045

Y. Oshima, P. Lassus, G. Arzul, and E. Erard, Chemical and enzymatic transformation of paralytic shellfish toxins in marine organisms In Harmful Marine Algal Blooms

T. Suzuki, K. Ichimi, Y. Oshima, and T. Kamiyama, Paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP) toxin profiles and short-term detoxification kinetics in mussels Mytilus galloprovincialis fed with the toxic dinoflagellate Alexandrium tamarense, Harmful Algae, vol.2, issue.3, pp.201-206, 2003.
DOI : 10.1016/S1568-9883(03)00042-8

S. Bougrier, P. Lassus, M. Bardouil, P. Masselin, and P. Truquet, Paralytic shellfish poison accumulation yields and feeding time activity in the Pacific oyster (Crassostrea gigas) and king scallop (Pecten maximus), Aquatic Living Resources, vol.16, issue.4
DOI : 10.1016/S0990-7440(03)00080-9

A. D. Cembella, S. E. Shumway, and R. Larocque, Sequestering and putative biotransformation of paralytic shellfish toxins by the sea scallop Placopecten magellanicus: seasonal and spatial scales in natural populations, Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, vol.180, issue.1, pp.1-22, 2005.
DOI : 10.1016/0022-0981(94)90075-2

J. L. Rolland, W. Medhioub, A. Vergnes, C. Abi-khalil, V. Savar et al., A Feedback Mechanism to Control Apoptosis Occurs in the Digestive Gland of the Oyster Crassostrea gigas Exposed to the Paralytic Shellfish Toxins Producer Alexandrium catenella, Marine Drugs, vol.12, issue.9, pp.5035-5054, 2014.
DOI : 10.3390/md12095035

B. Petton, M. Bruto, A. James, Y. Labreuche, M. Alunno-bruscia et al., Crassostrea gigas mortality in France: the usual suspect, a herpes virus, may not be the killer in this polymicrobial opportunistic disease, Frontiers in Microbiology, vol.6
DOI : 10.3389/fmicb.2015.00686

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01216445

F. M. Ausubel, R. Brent, R. E. Kingston, D. D. Moore, J. G. Seidman et al., Preparation of genomic DNA from mammalian tissue, In Current Protocol in Molecular Biology, vol.1, pp.2-2, 2003.

U. John, R. A. Fensome, and L. Medlin, The Application of a Molecular Clock Based on Molecular Sequences and the Fossil Record to Explain Biogeographic Distributions Within the Alexandrium tamarense "Species Complex" (Dinophyceae), Molecular Biology and Evolution, vol.20, issue.7, pp.1015-1027, 2003.
DOI : 10.1093/molbev/msg105

U. John, W. Litaker, M. Montresor, S. Murray, M. L. Brosnahan et al., (2302) Proposal to reject the name <I>Gonyaulax catenella</I> (<I>Alexandrium catenella</I>) (<I>Dinophyceae</I>), Taxon, vol.63, issue.4, pp.932-933, 2014.
DOI : 10.12705/634.21

L. Wang, Y. Zhuang, H. Zhang, X. Lin, and S. Lin, DNA barcoding species in Alexandrium tamarense complex using ITS and proposing designation of five species, Harmful Algae, vol.31, pp.100-113, 2014.
DOI : 10.1016/j.hal.2013.10.013

J. Rousseau, Ifremer, Shellfish Observatory Network, 2015.

P. J. Harrison, R. E. Waters, and F. J. Taylor, A BROAD SPECTRUM ARTIFICIAL SEA WATER MEDIUM FOR COASTAL AND OPEN OCEAN PHYTOPLANKTON, Journal of Phycology, vol.4, issue.1, pp.28-35, 1980.
DOI : 10.1007/BF00446694

J. Van-de-riet, R. S. Gibbs, P. M. Muggah, W. A. Rourke, J. D. Macneil et al., Liquid Chromatography Post-Column Oxidation (PCOX) Method for the Determination of Paralytic Shellfish Toxins in Mussels, Clams, Oysters, and Scallops: Collaborative Study, J. AOAC Int, vol.94, pp.1154-1176, 2011.

E. L. Kaplan and P. Meier, Nonparametric Estimation from Incomplete Observations, Journal of the American Statistical Association, vol.37, issue.282, pp.457-481, 1958.
DOI : 10.1214/aoms/1177731566