Effect of crusting on the physical and hydraulic properties of a soil cropped with Castor beans (Ricinus communis L.) in the northeastern region of Brazil
Abstract
Crusts are responsible for the reduction of infiltration into soil and increase in runoff during rainfall and irrigation. In a four-ha castor bean field, seven plots (about 1 m(2) each) with visible soil crusts, and seven without crust, were marked and measurements were made of hydraulic conductivity (K-s), sorptivity (S), initial (theta(o)) and final (theta(s)) volumetric water content, sheer strength (tau), as well as grain yield. The non-crusted soils were three times more conductive (0.085 +/- 0.014 mm s(-1) vs 0.025 +/- 0.008 mm s(-1)) and castor beans yields almost three times higher (1.53 +/- 0.43 t ha(-1) vs 0.62 +/- 0.21 t ha(-1)) than in the crusted soils, but presented half of their sheer strength (54.00 +/- 9.01 kPa vs 107.14 +/- 17.70 kPa). The soil did not differ in their characteristic pore radius (0.17 +/- 0.05 mm vs 0.14 +/- 0.03 mm), nor initial and final volumetric water contents (0.04 +/- 0.02 vs 0.05 +/- 0.01 cm(3) cm(-3); 0.43 +/- 0.02 vs 0.40 +/- 0.02 cm(3) cm(-3)). Despite lower mean characteristic pore size Am values, the non-crusted soils were more conductive, than crusted soils, due to their five times higher hydraulically active pore density. (C) 2014 Published by Elsevier B.V.